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In the name given by historians to the periods of ancient Rome extending between 27 av.
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The Roman Empire (in Latin : Imperium Romanum , in Italian : Impero Romano ) is the name given by historians to the period of ancient Rome extending between27 av. ADand 476 apr. AD . For the later period, from 476 to 1453 AD J. - C. , which concerns mainly the Eastern part of the Empire, with Constantinople for capital, modern historians speak today of Byzantine Empire . This term is, however, appeared at the xvi th century, the inhabitants of the time the caller always "empire of the Romans." The distinction between the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, as well as the date of birth assigned to it, is also a question of convention between modern scholars [ 2 ] . In Western and Central Europe, the Empire ofCarolingian kings , then the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806), whose rulers were still called " Emperor of the Romans ", also considered themselves the legitimate successors of the Latin Empire.
The year 27 BC AD corresponds to the granting by the Senate to Octave of the nickname of Augustus (" Augustus "), date traditionally considered the beginning of the principality .
During the five-century period from 27 av. ADat 476 apr. BC , the Roman state expanded to encompass a territory ranging from Mauritania tingitane ( Morocco ) to Mesopotamia , and from Britannia ( England ) to Egypt , creating thus one of the largest political entities in history, which profoundly influenced the Mediterranean world , culturally, linguistically and finally religious, while ensuring the preservation of the ancient Greek civilization inherited. The imperial period was also a time of development of economic exchanges, facilitated by the construction of an importantroad network sometimes still existing.
The Empire was founded by Augustus , who put an end to the last Civil War of the Roman Republic , during the very end of the Roman Republic . Unlike the Republic, which was oligarchic , the Empire was an autocracy , while maintaining during the principality of republican appearances: the political power was mainly held by a single man, the emperor , who relied on a bureaucracy incessantly more developed, an important territorial administration and a powerful army . From his foundation by Augustus to the deposition of his last emperor,Romulus Augustus , the Empire had an indoor and outdoor complex history, characterized initially by some political stability (period principality ), then, from the iii E century by instability increasingly important: crisis third century and dominat . Coups and civil wars multiplied, and the Empire had to face a growing number of external enemies.
Indeed, from the end of the ii th century, the empire faces that subsequent historiography called the barbarian invasions . In reality, these were very large-scale movements of populations, carried out over long periods of time. The so-called "barbarian" peoples, by moving westward, eventually came up against the Roman frontier, militarily guarded, and, pushed by other peoples further to the east, tried to pierce it. If the Empire at first succeeded in repelling the invaders, the crisis of the third century saw borders yield first. In response to external perils, Roman power, from the tetrarchy, sought to strengthen itself: the centers of political and military decision were multiplied, the administration developed and militarized, and the size of the army increased. The iv th century was the era of civil wars between the successors of tetrarchs and was dominated by the personality of Constantine I st , remodeled deeply the Roman Empire, giving it its final characteristics.
At that time, power had become an absolute regime, with an Eastern-style court and protocol. The end of the proscription of Christianity by Constantine, and its establishment as a state religion by Theodosius I st is the most striking feature of Roman civilization in this period, the Late Antiquity . Supported by the highly developed Roman administrative apparatus, the Church gained a prominent place in all Roman territories before being driven out, by the expansion of Islam , of a part of them.
After the Empire's division into two entities, the Eastern Roman Empire ( pars orientalis ) and the Western Roman Empire ( pars occidentalis ), the western part is marked, from the v th century by a continuous disintegration of political authority for the benefit of the Germanic kingdoms : the military power collapses, the economy is bloodless and the territorial domination is reduced, until no more to exceed Italy . The Empire collapses in a progressive way, and the deposition, by Odoacer , of the last emperor Romulus Augustule , is finally a minor event,
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